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A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Tsukuba showed that individuals who maintain regular daily sleep patterns tend to have greater global cognitive performance. The study also found that blood biomarkers related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease were most elevated in individuals with moderate sleep regularity and lowest among those with either highly irregular or excessively rigid patterns—indicating a potential inverse U-shaped relationship.

Tsukuba, Japan—Daily sleep and activity are fundamental to both physical and mental health. Although previous studies have largely emphasized quantitative aspects such as sleep duration and physical activity time, there is increasing focus on how daily sleep varies among days. Less variable and consistent daily sleep patterns have been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk, lower mortality rates, and protective effects against incident dementia. Nevertheless, whether such associations of daily sleep patterns vary in individuals in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease or those experiencing subjective cognitive decline remains poorly understood.

In this study, researchers evaluated the sleep regularity of 458 participants aged 45-89 years who subjectively reported cognitive and/or sleep issues. Each participant wore a three-axis accelerometer on the nondominant hand continuously for 24 h for 7 days. In addition to undergoing a standardized cognitive assessment battery, blood samples were collected from the participants to measure the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein essential for synaptic plasticity and overall cognitive health.

The results demonstrated a clear linear relationship between sleep regularity and global cognitive performance. However, serum BDNF levels showed an inverse U-shaped relationship—peaking in participants with moderate sleep regularity and declining at both ends—among those with either highly irregular or excessively rigid.

These findings suggest that maintaining moderate-to-regular daily sleep patterns supports cognitive health, whereas rigid daily sleep patterns could potentially reduce an individual's adaptability to daily changes in real-world situations. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of balance in lifestyle schedules and its value in future strategies to prevent Alzheimer's disease, as well as dementia.

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This work was supported by the COI STREAM initiative launched in 2013 by MEXT, as well as the COI-NEXT initiative launched in 2020 by MEXT (JPMJPF2017 to Tomohiro Okura); the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to Masashi Yanagisawa; the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (JP21zf0127005 to Tomohiro Okura and Masashi Yanagisawa); and the JSPS Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Grant Number 22K21351 to Masashi Yanagisawa).

Original Paper

Title of original paper:

Sleep regularity is associated with cognitive function and shows an inverted U-shaped relationship with serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Journal:

Sleep Medicine

DOI:

10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106688

Correspondence

Professor OKURA Tomohiro
Institute of Health and Sport Sciences / International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba Institute for Advanced Research, University of Tsukuba

Related Link

Institute of Health and Sport Sciences

International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS)